Caracterización morfológica del componente tendo-muscular del compartimiento posterior del muslo / Morphological characterization of the tendo-muscular component of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Los aspectos morfológicos del componente tendomuscular del compartimiento posterior han sido descritos en algunos grupos poblacionales. Se evaluó mediante disección directa las características morfológicas y biométricas del compartimento posterior de 50 muslos de especímenes cadavéricos, en una muestra de población colombiana. El 2 % los músculos isquiotibiales se originaron en un tendón común, 58 % presentó un tendón común para el musculo semitendinoso (MSt) y cabeza larga del músculo bíceps femoral (MBF). El 40 % de la cabeza larga del MBF se originó en el margen lateral de la tuberosidad isquiática (TI) y el MSt en su superficie posterior. En el 98 % de los casos el músculo semimembranoso (MSm) se originó en el margen medial de la TI y se dispuso como una estructura medial del muslo. No se observaron variaciones en el lugar de inserción de los músculos isquiotibiales. El MSt presentó la mayor longitud (419,5 DE 33,2 mm); el tendón distal con mayor espesor fue el del MBF (8,5 DE 5,6 mm), mientras que el músculo semimembranoso (MSm) presentó el componente miotendinoso más ancho (22,4 DE 6,5 mm). No hubo diferencias morfométricas estadísticamente significativas con relación al lado de presentación. Los hallazgos obtenidos enriquecen los conceptos morfológicos de la región posterior del muslo, aportan a la cualificación de procedimientos de cirugía plástica, ortopédica y al diseño de programas de entrenamiento muscular específico en diferentes disciplinas deportivas.

The morphological aspects of tendon and muscle component of the posterior compartment have been described in some population groups. The morphological and biometric characteristics of the posterior compartment of 50 thighs of cadaverous specimens were evaluated by means of a direct design, in a sample of the Colombian population. The 2 % of the hamstring beats originated in a common tendon, 58 % with a common tendon for the Semitendinous muscle (MSt) and long head of the femoral Biceps muscle (MBF). The 40 % of the long head of the MBF were originated on the lateral margin of the Ischial Tuberosity (TI) and the MSt on its posterior surface. In 98 % of the cases the semimembranous muscle (MSm) originated in the middle margin of the IT and dissolved as a medial structure of the thigh. No variation was observed in the place of the hamstring insertion. The longest time (419.5 DE 33.2 mm) the distal tendon with greater thickness was that of the MBF (8.5 OF 5.6 mm), while the semimembranosus muscle (MSm) presented the broadest myotendinous component (22.4 SD 6.5 mm). There weren't statistically significant morphometric differences in relation to the presentation side. The findings obtained enrich the morphological concepts of the posterior thigh region, contribute to the qualification of plastic surgery, orthopedic procedures and the design of muscle training programs in different sports disciplines.

Movement anatomy of the gluteal region and thigh of the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae: Pilosa) / Anatomia do movimento da região glútea e coxa de Myrmecophaga tridactyla tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophagidae: pilosa)

Locomotion reveals the displacement and behavior manner of the species in their daily needs. According to different needs of the several species, different locomotor patterns are adopted. The shapes and attachment points of muscles are important determinants of the movements performed and consequently, the locomotion and motion patterns of living beings. It was aimed to associate anatomical, kinesiology and biomechanics aspects of the gluteal region and thigh of the giant anteater to its moving characteristics and locomotor habits. It was used three specimens of Myrmecophaga tridactyla, settled in formaldehyde aqueous solution at 10% and subsequently, dissected using usual techniques in gross anatomy. The morphological characteristics of the gluteal region and thigh that influence the patterns of movement and locomotion of animals, were analyzed and discussed in light of literature. All muscles of the gluteal region and thigh of giant anteater show parallel arrangement of the muscular fibers, being flat or fusiform. These muscles are formed in the joint which the interpotent type biolever act. These morphological characteristics indicate a greater predominance of amplitude and movement speed at the expense of strength. On the other hand, features such as osteometric index and the observation of giant anteater motion indicate the opposite, what reflects this animal lack of expertise in locomotor habits and shows the need of future realization of more detailed studies in this subject.(AU)

A locomoção revela o modo de deslocamento e comportamento das espécies nas suas necessidades diárias. De acordo com as diferentes necessidades das diversas espécies, diferentes padrões locomotores são adotados. As formas e pontos de fixação dos músculos são importantes determinantes dos movimentos realizados e, por conseguinte, dos padrões de locomoção e movimentação dos seres vivos. Objetivou-se associar aspectos anatômicos, cinesiológicos e biomecânicos da região glútea e coxa do tamanduá bandeira às suas características de movimentação e hábitos locomotores. Utilizaram-se três espécimes de Myrmecophaga tridactyla, fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente, dissecados usando as técnicas usuais em anatomia macroscópica. As características morfológicas da região glútea e coxa que influenciam os padrões de movimento e locomoção dos animais foram analisadas e discutidas à luz da literatura. Todos os músculos da região glútea e coxa do tamanduá bandeira apresentam disposição paralela das fibras musculares, sendo planos ou fusiformes. Esses músculos formam nas articulações sobre as quais agem bioalavancas do tipo interpotente. Essas características morfológicas indicam maior predominância de amplitude e velocidade de movimento em detrimento da força. Por outro lado, características como os índices osteométricos e a observação da movimentação do tamanduá bandeira indicam o oposto, o que reflete a falta de especialização desse animal quanto aos hábitos locomotores e sinaliza a necessidade da realização futura de estudos mais detalhados a esse respeito.(AU)

Aspectos anatômicos dos músculos mediais da coxa do Quati (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus 1766) / Anatomical aspects of the medial thigh muscles of coati (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus 1766)

Quatis (Nasua Spp.) são animais pertencentes à família Procyonidae da ordem Carnivora. Presentes em todos os biomas brasileiros, o Nasua nasua está distribuído na América do Sul, desde o norte da Colômbia até o norte da Argentina, sendo comuns na maioria das florestas neotropicais desta região. Onívoros, alimentam-se principalmente de frutos, tanto no solo quanto em árvores, o que os tornam importantes dispersores de sementes. Seus hábitos arbóreos exigem mais força e mobilidade de seus membros pélvicos do que nos canídeos, dos quais divergiram evolutivamente, mas ainda compartilham a mesma subordem. Neste sentido, este estudo analisou os aspectos anatômicos dos músculos que integram o grupo medial da coxa dos quatis, os quais tiveram seus aspectos gerais, localização, forma, origem, inserção, sintopia e ações avaliados. Para a realização desta pesquisa foram utilizados cinco animais adultos (duas fêmeas e três machos) cedidos pelo IBAMA-GO (Licença: 98/2011), os quais foram fixados com solução de formaldeído a 10% e dissecados depois de um período mínimo de 72 horas. Os músculos que compõem o grupo medial da coxa dos quatis são o m. grácil, m. pectíneo, m. adutor magno, m. adutor curto, m. adutor longo e o m. obturador externo. Todos os músculos apresentam particularidades quanto à origem e/ou inserção. O músculo grácil é bem largo e não contribui para a formação do tendão calcanear comum. O músculo pectíneo insere-se na metade da face caudal do fêmur. Os três músculos adutores encontram-se presentes e dispostos como três lâminas sucessivas e crescentes, no sentido craniocaudal, estando o músculo adutor curto interposto entre o m. adutor longo cranialmente e o m. adutor magno caudalmente. Suas inserções dispõem-se longitudinalmente e paralelas na face caudal do fêmur, crescendo em extensão, da medial (m. adutor longo) para a lateral (m. adutor magno). As habilidades adquiridas pelos quatis na medida em que se afastaram evolutivamente dos canídeos, passando a ter hábitos também arbóreos, foram acompanhadas por adaptações anatômicas no grupo muscular em questão, com várias delas assemelhando-se mais ao padrão verificado nos gatos do que propriamente nos cães. As adaptações caracterizaram-se principalmente por alterações nas origens e/ou inserções, tamanho e, no caso dos músculos adutores, também na quantidade e arranjo dos mesmos.

The coati (Nasua nasua) is a mammal of the Carnivora order and Procyonidae family. This species is present in all Brazilian biomes and is distributed throughout South America, from northern Colombia to northern Argentina, being most common in neotropical forests of this region. Omnivores, they feed mostly on fruits, both on the ground as in trees, which make them important seed dispersers. Their arboreal habits require more strength and mobility of their pelvic limbs than in canids, which they evolutionarily diverged from, but still share the same Suborder. Thus, this study examined the anatomical aspects of the muscles that integrate the medial group of the thigh of coatis, which had its general aspects, location, shape, origin, insertion, syntopy and actions evaluated. Five adult animals (two females and three males) provided by IBAMA-GO (License: 98/2011) were used in this research. They were fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution and dissected after a minimum period of 72 hours. The muscles which comprise the medial group of the thigh of coatis are the gracilis, pectineus, magnus, brevis and longus adductors and external obturator. All muscles show particularities regarding the origin and/or insertion. The gracilis muscle is very broad and does not contribute to the formation of the common calcaneal tendon. The pectineus muscle is inserted on the half of the caudal surface of the femur. The three individual adductors are arranged like three layers that increase craniocaudally, being the adductor brevis positioned between the longus cranially and the magnus caudally. Their insertions are arranged longitudinally and parallel throughout the caudal surface of the femur, increasing in extension from the medial (adductor longus) toward the lateral (adductor magnus). The abilities acquired by coatis in that diverged from canids, such as the arboreal habits, have been accompanied by anatomical adaptations in this muscle group, with several of them resembling more the pattern found in cats than in dogs. The adaptations are mainly characterized by changes in the origins and/or insertions, size, and in the case of adductor muscles, also in their pattern of individualization and arrangement.

Músculo aductor mínimo en individuos brasileños / Adductor minimus muscle in Brazilian individuals

Entre el grupo muscular que realiza la aducción de la articulación del cuadril se destaca el músculo aductor magno, cuya porción superior de la parte aductora puede constituir el músculo aductor mínimo. En la literatura hay pocas citaciones sobre este músculo, más allá de la presencia de datos divergentes entre diversos autores. De este modo, el objetivo de este estudio ha sido el de analizar el músculo aductor mínimo con relación: a sus inserciones proximal y distal, a las disposiciones de las fibras musculares y establecer la incidencia del mismo. Cincuenta miembros inferiores aislados de cadáveres adultos de ambos sexos fueron disecados. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que el músculo fue observado en dieciséis casos (32%), presentando: inserción proximal predominante en el ramo isquiopubiano (37,5%), e inserción distal en la línea áspera del fémur (100%). Las fibras musculares estaban dispuestas de forma oblicua en catorce casos (87,5%) y con disposición transversal en apenas dos casos (12,5%). Por lo tanto, este estudio servirá como base para nuevos trabajos científicos sobre el músculo aductor mínimo, con el objeto de clasificarlo como un músculo aislado.

Among the muscle group that performs the adduction of the hip joint, there is the adductor magnus muscle which upper portion of the adductor part may constitute the adductor minimus muscle. In the literature there are few quotes on this muscle, besides the presence of conflicting data among several authors. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the adductor minimus muscle in respect to: its proximal and distal insertions, the provisions of its muscle fibers and establish the incidence of it. Fifty lower limbs isolated from adult cadavers of both sexes were dissected. The results showed that the muscle was visualized in sixteen cases (32%), with proximal insertion predominant in ischiopubic ramus (37.5%), and distal insertion in the linea aspera of the femur (100%). The muscle fibers were arranged obliquely in fourteen cases (87.5%) and in only 2 cases (12.5%) the fibers were arranged transversely. Therefore, this study will serve as a foundation for new scientific work on the adductor minimus muscle, in order to classify it as an isolated muscle.

Diagnóstico de resistencia a la insulina por métodos indirectos en escolares obesos / Diagnosis of insulin resistance by indirect methods in obese school children

El incremento de la adiposidad, conduce a un deterioro de la tolerancia a la glucosa y de la acción de la insulina. Se determinó la resistencia a la insulina (RI) por métodos indirectos y se correlacionó con variables clínicas, antropométricas y bioquímicas en escolares obesos normoglicémicos. Estudio descriptivo-correlacional, realizado en 72 escolares, que acudieron al ambulatorio El Concejo de la Universidad de Carabobo (UC) y al servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica de la Ciudad Hospitalaria “Enrique Tejera” (CHET), de Valencia, Venezuela, entre enero y abril de 2011. Criterio de Inclusión: obesidad exógena. Se evaluaron antecedentes personales y familiares, presencia de acantosis nigricans y valoración nutricional y bioquímica. Se encontró mayor porcentaje de RI, a través de la utilización del método QUICKI (66,7%), seguido del HOMA (55,6%) y la insulina basal (45,9%). Las medias de índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de cintura, fueron significativamente mayores (p<0,05), en pacientes con RI, estimadas por los métodos HOMA y QUICKI. El método QUICKI, detectó diferencias significativas (p<0,05), entre las glicemias e insulinas basales y entre las insulinas postprandiales, de los pacientes con sensibilidades insulínica disminuida y normal; mientras que el HOMA, detectó estas diferencias (p<0,05), en las glicemias e insulinas basales. Se observó una correlación estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05), entre la presencia de acantosis nigricans y la RI, estimada por los métodos HOMA, QUICKI e insulina basal. En conclusión, de los métodos evaluados, los índices QUICKI, HOMA y la insulina basal, fueron los más eficaces para detectar la RI.

Obesity leads to a deterioration of glucose tolerance and the action of insulin. The purpose of this study was to determine insulin resistance (IR) by indirect methods, and its correlation with clinical, anthropometric and biochemical variables in obese normoglycemic school children. This was a descriptive-correlational study of 72 school prepubescent children, who attended the ambulatory “El Concejo” of the University of Carabobo (UC) and at the Gastroenterology and Pediatric Nutrition service of the city hospital “Enrique Tejera” (CHET), in Valencia, Venezuela, between January-April 2011. Inclusion criteria: exogenous obesity. We assessed personal and family history, presence of Acanthosis Nigricans and nutritional and biochemical status. We found a higher percentage of IR, through the use of the QUICKI method (66.7%), followed by the HOMA (55.6%) and basal insulin (45.9%). The mean (c) indexes of body mass and waist circumference were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in patients with IR, by HOMA and QUICKI techniques. The QUICKI method detected significant differences (p < 0.05) in the values of glycemia, basal insulin and postprandial insulin, among patients with diminished and normal insulin sensitivities. While HOMA, detected these differences (p < 0.05) in the values of glycemia and basal insulin. A statistically significant relationship was observed (p < 0.05), between the presence of Acanthosis Nigricans and IR, by the HOMA, QUICKI and basal insulin methods. In conclusion, the evaluated techniques, QUICKI, HOMA and basal insulin indexes, were most effective for detecting the IR.

Prediction of explosive power of basketball players based on their morpho-functional characteristics / Predicción de la potencia explosiva de los jugadores de baloncesto en función de sus características morfofuncionales

The aim of this study was to define the morpho-functional variables that best predict the explosive power of the lower extremities of basketball players of Kosova. On 113 basketball players average aged 21.3 years old, 15 morpho-functional variables were measured: stature, body weight, humeral perimeter, chest perimeter, abdominal perimeter, thigh perimeter, calf perimeter, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, abdominal skinfold, thigh skinfold, calf skinfold, heart rate, VO2max.rel., and explosive power that was tested through Margaria-Kalamen Test. All tested basketball players are competitors in the Super League of Kosova. Linear regression of the data indicates that the system of 13 morpho-functional predictive variables explains 62.5 percent of total variability of the dependant variable. The variables that indicate positive influence on dependant variable ­ explosive power of the lower extremities are: thigh perimeter (b=.413), chest perimeter (b=.316), and heart rate (-2.01). According to the results of this study, one can conclude that basketball players with higher values of the volume of thighs, with balanced muscles and core stability, as well with low rate of heart frequency during resting period, will have higher explosive power of the lower extremities. So, the conditional coaches, during the training with the young basketball players, should pay more attention to develop these morphometrical variables.

El objetivo de este estudio fue definir las variables morfofuncionales que mejor predicen la potencia explosiva de los miembros inferiores de los jugadores de baloncesto de Kosovo. En 113 años jugadores de baloncesto con una edad promedio de 21,3 años, se midieron 15 variables morfofuncionales: estatura, peso corporal, perímetro del húmero, perímetro torácico, perímetro abdominal, perímetro del muslo, perímetro de la pierna, pliegue del tríceps, pliegue subescapular, pliegue abdominal, pliegues cutáneos del muslo, pliegues cutáneos de la pierna, frecuencia cardíaca, VO2max.rel, y el poder explosivo que fue probado a través de prueba Margaria-Kalamen. Todos los jugadores de baloncesto evaluados son jugadores de la súper liga de Kosovo. La regresión lineal de los datos indica que el sistema de 13 variables morfofuncionales predictoras explica el 62,5 por ciento de la variabilidad total de la variable dependiente. Las variables que indican una influencia positiva sobre la variable dependiente - potencia explosiva de los miembros inferiores son los siguientes: el perímetro del muslo (b = 0,413), perímetro torácico (b = 0,316), y la frecuencia cardíaca (-2,01). De acuerdo con los resultados de este estudio, se puede concluir que los jugadores de baloncesto con los valores más altos del volumen de los muslos, con los músculos equilibrados y la estabilidad de núcleo, así como con bajo índice de la frecuencia cardíaca durante el período de descanso, tendrán la mayor potencia explosiva de los miembros inferiores. Por lo tanto, los entrenadores durante los entrenamientos con los jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto, deberían prestar más atención al desarrollo de estas variables morfométricas.

rare variation of profunda femoris vein directly communicating with popliteal vein

During dissection of the posterior compartment of the thigh of a female formalin-fixed cadaver, a variation of profunda femoris vein directly communicating with the popliteal vein was encountered on the right side. The profunda femoris vein was 18 cm long with a diameter of 0.5 cm. Such a direct communication between the profunda femoris vein and popliteal vein is known to be rare. The site of the thrombosis that develops in the lower limbs is of importance in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Proximal or distal placement of such a thrombosis leads to diversity of diagnosis and treatment. Thus variations related with the veins of the lower limb should be well known. Furthermore awareness of such variations may be important to avoid unexpected complications during surgery of this region

Revisión anatómica del músculo bíceps femoral del canino / Anatomical review of canine biceps femoris muscle

El músculo bíceps femoral (BF) desempeña un rol fundamental en la biomecánica del miembro pelviano de los caninos, actuando en la flexoextensión de la articulación femorotibiorotuliana y la abducción del miembro. La evaluación correcta de su función es importante en la clínica veterinaria. Existen puntos controversiales entre los autores consultados acerca de la morfología de este músculo. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo discutir las distintas descripciones, reparando en las inserciones, la estructura e inervación del músculo. Se han realizado las disecciones bilaterales en 12 animales. La conservación de las piezas se realizó por inmersión en piletas, con una dilución de formol al 10 por ciento y ácido fenico al 4 por ciento en agua. Se utilizaron diferentes técnicas de abordaje al músculo en cuestión, para obtener distintas observaciones de las estructuras. Se halló que el músculo BF se origina por medio de dos cabezas, como queda implícito en su denominación, una cabeza craneal, más voluminosa y una cabeza caudal más pequeña. La primera originada en el ligamento sacrotuberal y en la superficie lateral de la tuberosidad isquiática. La cabeza caudal, se origina de la tuberosidad isquiática. Estas partes a pesar de hallarse estrechamente unidas se individualizan a nivel de los vientres musculares por medio de una delgada lámina de tejido conectivo que se extiende hasta el tercio distal del músculo. Respecto a la inervación, no se encontraron ramas del nervio glúteo caudal que inerven las partes al músculo.

The biceps femoris (BF) muscle plays a fundamental role in the biomechanics of the canine pelvic limb, acting in flexion ­ extension on knee articulation and abduction of the limb. Correct evaluation plays an important role in veterinary clinic. There are controversial issues among the authors consulted about the morphology of this muscle. The present study aims to discuss the various descriptions proposed for this muscle, considering insertions, structure and innervation. Bilateral dissections of 12 animals were carried out. Pieces conservation was done by immersion in pools with 10 percent formaldehyde and 4 percent carbolic acid in water. Different techniques were used in order to achieve various observations of muscle structures. It was found that BF muscle originates by two heads, as is implicit in its name, a craneal head, bulkier and a smaller caudal head. The first takes origin in the sacrotuberal ligament and the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity. The caudal head, originates from the ischial tuberosity. These parts are closely linked but they can be identified at the level of the muscle bellies through a thin layer of connective tissue that extends to the distal part of the muscle. Regarding the innervation, we found that no caudal gluteal nerve branches reach this muscle.

Anterolateral thigh flap: versatility and anatomic variations

To determine the pattern of the cutaneous perforator of the lateral circumflex femoral artery in anterolateral thigh perforator flap. Antero lateral thigh flap has become one of the most commonly used flap for the reconstruction of various soft tissue defects. The anterolateral thigh flap is known for variations of its vascular pedicle. Its major limitation has been uncertainty in predicting perforator anatomy, with the occasional absence of suitable perforators and high variability in their size and course. Reconstruction of 13 composite defects in 13 consecutive patients by free microvascular anterolateral thigh flap at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hayatabad Medical complex, Peshawar. Thirteen patients were operated and free microvascular anterolateral thigh flap was used. In 12 patients the main vascular supply was through the descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery [LCFA]. One patient has a vascular supply through the transverse branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. Transmuscular perforators [mostly 3,] were found in all the patients, commonly arising from descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery

Carbonated water and necro-apoptotic cell death in chicken embrio low limb / Agua carbonatada y la muerte celular por necro-apoptosis en miembro inferior de embrión de pollo

Carbonated water is a fundamental part of many drinks and its effects have been studied in many pathological situations. However, cells and tissue damage as a consequence of carbonated water has not been the subject of extensive research. We assessed the short-term effects of soda on in vitro Hanging-drop culture of myoblasts and ex vivo lower limb of 8-day-old chicken embryo skeletal muscle tissue. Several groups weren designed: a) Control (Con-tyr), b) Carbonated water (Car), c) Coffe (Caf), and d) Cola beverage (Glu). The samples were observed with light microscopy and digital imaging analysis was performed. The ultra-structure of control and treated tissue were observed with electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry techniques, such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick- end labeling (TUNEL), TACTS Blue Label (TdT Kits) of R&D Systems were used. The myoblasts monolayers treated with soda showed plenty of eosinophilics elements. The eosinophily corresponds to higher percentage of cell death. The muscular tissue of the low limb treated with carbonated water (Car) showed calcium phosphate and collagen decreases, 53,86% and 82,95% respectively and enlarged nuclei of a higher size, with an evident loss of the parallel arrangement and fragmented nuclei. Compared to control samples, the muscular disorganization was accompanied by a positive reaction of the apoptotic bodies on TACS, also a positive reaction to ApopTacg and another positive reaction for the metalloproteases in the inter fibrillar cartilage matrix. These changes were not significant in Tyrode's solution controls, Coffee and Cola beverage groups. The morphological outcome can be apoptosis, necrosis or a mixed phenotype, suggesting that the carbonated water toxic effect might be related to these cell death processes. Further research, exploring biochemical factors will be required to elucidate necro-apoptotic cell death induced by carbonated water.

El agua carbonatada constituye una parte fundamental en muchas bebidas y su efecto ha sido estudiado en muchas situaciones patológicas. Sin embargo, el daño celular y de tejido como consecuencia del agua carbonatada no ha sido claramente investigado. El presente trabajo evalúa el efecto agudo in vitro de la soda sobre mioblastos obtenidos por cultivos en gota pendiente y el efecto sobre tejido muscular esquelético in vivo del miembro inferior de pollo de 8 días de desarrollo. Cuatro grupos de embriones fueron seleccionados al azar: a) Control (Con-tyr), b) Agua Carbonatada o Soda Club (Car), c) Café (Caf) y d) Bebida de cola (Glu). Las muestras fueron observadas por microscopía de luz. El análisis de imágenes digitales fue realizado. La ultraestructura del tejido control y tratado fue observada con Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión (MET). La determinación de apoptosis fue realizada a través de TUNEL y l TACS Blue Label. La actividad de metaloproteasa MMP-1 fue ensayada. La población de mioblastos tratados con Soda Club mostró un elevado número de elementos eosinofílicos interpretado como un elevado número de células muertas, a diferencia del control y el grupo tratado con cafeína y bebida de Cola. En el tejido muscular se determinó una reducción de fosfatos de calcio y fibras de colágeno en una proporción de 53,86% y 82,95% respectivamente, acompañada por un desarreglo de las fibras y núcleos fragmentados, con reacción positiva para cuerpos apoptóticos y metaloproteasas en la matriz interfibrilar. Los resultados sugieren que el efecto tóxico del agua carbonatada sobre células y tejido pudiera estar vinculado con procesos combinados de muerte celular como necro-apoptosis. Se sugiere una mayor exploración de los eventos moleculares para dilucidar la combinación de los procesos de muerte celular sugerida en el presente trabajo.

Hibernoma de la región anterolateral del muslo / Hibernoma of the anterolateral thigh

Exponer nuestra experiencia en el manejo de 1 caso de hibernoma, en el Servicio de Cirugía 2 del Hospital Universitario de Caracas (HUC). Revisión de literatura. Se realizó el estudio clínico, imagenológico y anatomopatológico de una tumoración de partes blandas en el muslo derecho de un paciente masculino de 23 años de edad, de aproximadamente 10 meses de evolución. Ante los hallazgos de estudios por imágenes (imágenes por resonancia magnética y ultrasonido con efecto Doppler), así como el resultado de la biopsia percutánea, por trucut, se decidió realizar su exéresis. El estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica reportó hibernoma. Una lesión benigna, poco frecuente, sin proceso de malignización reportado hasta la fecha. La evaluación clínica, imagenológica y la realización de biopsias percutáneas previo al acto quirúrgico son de suma importancia para las lesiones de partes blandas. El reporte de casos de presentación inusual, como el hibernoma, nutre nuestra gama de diagnósticos diferenciales a tener en cuenta al momento de evaluar lesiones de este tipo.

The anatomy of the lateral circumflex femoral artery in anterolateral thigh flap.

OBJECTIVE: To determine systematically the pattern of the cutaneous perforator of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) in anterolateral thigh perforator (ALT) flap. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sixty dissections of the LCFA were carried out in 30 preserved cadavers. The number; type, origin, and location of the cutaneous perforators of the LCFA were studied and measured. RESULTS: There were 169 perforators. In 79.3%, the perforators originated from the descending branch, 18.3% from the transverse branch. The perforator of the medial descending and the ascending branch were found in 1.8% and 0.6%, respectively. The most cutaneous perforators were concentrated in the middle third (14 to 28 cm from the ASIS) of the anterolateral thigh region. CONCLUSION: The perforator of the descending branch, which was located ranging from 21 to 35 cm, was appropriate for flap designing to avoid the perforator of the transverse branch, which was difficult to harvest.

Variacion anatómica del músculo sartorio / Anatomical variation of the sartorius muscle

Variaciones musculares y tendinosas son poco frecuentes, aunque han sido citadas desde hace mucho tiempo en la literatura anatómica. Durante las disecciones de un curso regular de Anatomía Topográfica en la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo, Brasil, encontramos un caso de músculo sartorio bíceps. En la bibliografía consultada no se describe mucho acerca de este tipo de variación muscular y sólo algunos autores citan que el músculo sartorio normalmente se presenta bíceps en los mamíferos inferiores y que en el ser humano, estas variaciones raras deben ser consideradas como un estado de persistencia involutiva del citado músculo

Anatomia dos ramos fasciocutâneos das artérias glútea inferior, primeira e segunda perfurantes / Anatomy of fascio-cutaneous branches of the gluteal, first, and second perforator arteries

Com o objetivo de auxiliar na preparaçäo de um retalho para a reconstruçäo das glútea e perineal, foi realizado estudo da anatomia dos ramos fasciocutâneos das artérias glútea inferior, primeira e segunda perfurantes. Após a dissecçäo de 40 coxas de cadáveres frescos, constatou-se que a artéria glútea inferior cursa medial e posteriormente ao nervo isquiático; o ramo descendente fasciocutâneo era medial ao nervo cutâneo posterior da coxa em 87,5 por cento das peças, com diâmetro médio de 0,61mm, situando-se ao lado da tuberosidade isquial à distância média de 3,66cm. Os ramos fasciocutâneos da primeira e segunda artérias perfurantes foram também examinados e tinham em média 1,21mm e 1,01mm de diâmetro, respectivamente. As distâncias médias da primeira e segunda artérias perfurantes ao grande trocanter do fêmur eram de 6,23cm e 12,19cm, respectivamente. A área cutânea nutrida por cada uma das artérias foi avaliada por meio da injeçäo de corante. A artéria glútea inferior corou as regiöes medial e lateral superiores. A primeira artéria perfurante corou a regiäo médio-lateral, a porçäo proximal da regiäo médio-medial e a porçäo distal das regiöes medial e lateral superiores. A segunda artéria perfurante nutria a porçäo distal das regiöes médio-medial e médio-lateral e a porçäo proximal da regiäo lateral inferior

Origen de la arteria femoral profunda / Origin of the femoral deep artery

La arteria femoral profunda es el vaso más importante de la región femoral, otorgando irrigación a la mayor parte del muslo. El conocimiento anatómico más detallado de ella es importante, debido a las frecuentes intervenciones quirúrgicas que se realizan, tanto en reconstrucciones vasculares primarias como secundarias. Fueron disecados 50 miembros inferiores, de cadáveres formolizados, adultos, de sexo masculino y diferentes grupos étnicos, en las disciplinas de anatomía descriptiva y topográfica de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina y Universidad de la Frontera, Chile. Se disecó el trifono femoral y sus elementos vasculares, reconociendo las arterias femoral profunda y circunflejas femorales medial y lateral. La distancia media entre el ligamento inguinal y el origen de la arteria femoral profunda, fue de 38,88 mm. En el 40 por ciento de los casos su origen se encontraba entre 36 y 45 mm distal al ligamento inguinal. La arteria femoral se originó en el 44 por ciento de la parte posterolateral de la arteria femoral; en el 34 por ciento de la parte posterior; en el 12 por ciento de la parte posteromedial; en el 8 por ciento de la parte lateral y en el 2 por ciento de la parte medial de la arteria femoral. En el 34 por ciento de los casos, la arteria femoral profunda da origen, separadamente a las arterias circunflejas femorales medial y lateral. En el 32 por ciento la arteria femoral origina sólo a la arteria circunfleja femoral lateral y en el 20 por ciento sólo a la arteria circunfleja femoral medial, existiendo además porcentajes menores para otros orígenes. Las variaciones del origen de la arteria femoral profunda, son importantes para el cirujano vascular, permitiéndole tener un conocimiento morfométrico y anatomo-quirúrgico de la región y enfrentar con mayor seguridad las reconstrucciones vasculares que se realizan en la región

Detection of low birth-weight new born babies by anthropometric measurements in Bangladesh.

Birthweight is an important indicator of child survival. Appropriate and timely care of a newborn specially if he is born with low birthweight is important but this is difficult in developing countries since most of the deliveries are conducted at home where adequate facilities to weigh a new born does not exist. This study was conducted to find out a surrogate which could efficiently be used for detecting low birthweight babies at birth when no weighing machine is around. In this study 41% of the newborn babies were found to weigh less than 2,500 gm at birth. Out of this about 52% were females. The mean chest, thigh and mid-arm circumference at birth for males were 30.89 cm, 15.06 cm and 9.27 cm respectively with standard deviations of 1.83 cm, 1.30 cm and 1.04 cm. Corresponding figures for female babies were 30.69 cm, 15.14 cm and 9.25 cm respectively with standard deviations of 2.08 cm, 1.70 cm and 1.16 cm. Correlation co-efficient between normal birthweight and the chest, thigh and mid-arm circumference were 0.867, 0.845 and 0.842 respectively. A liner regression analysis showed that a chest circumference of 30.14 cm, a thigh circumference of 14.56 cm and a mid-arm circumference of 8.90 cm corresponded well with a birthweight of 2,500 gm. On this basis sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the chest circumference was better than the other two measurements. However, the mid-arm circumference was observed to be more reliable than the other two measurements for detecting birthweight less than 2,000 gm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Thigh circumference at birth as the best predictor of low birth weight babies.

The present study was undertaken to find out the best simple anthropometric parameter for identifying low birth weight babies (LBW). A total of 1000 newborn babies were subjected to anthropometry within 48 hours of life. Birth weight was significantly correlated (p less than 0.001) with thigh circumference (TC), mid-arm circumference (MAC), chest circumference (CC), length (L) and head circumference (HC). However, the correlation was maximum for TC (r = 0.9201). All anthropometric indicators had a statistically significant sensitivity, specificity and predictive value (p less than 0.001) for identifying less than or equal to 2500 g birth weight babies. However, thigh circumference of less than or equal to 14.5 cm and less than or equal to 13.5 cm had the best sensitivity, specificity and predictive value for identifying babies with birth weight of less than or equal to 2500 g and less than or equal to 2000 g, respectively. TC at birth is a cheap, simple, quick and reliable indicator for predicting LBW babies. It may be used whenever weighing at birth is not feasible.

Contribuiçäo ao estudo anatômico do músculo grácil: anatomia, inervaçäo, vascularizaçäo e território vascular / Anatomical study of the gracilis muscle: anatomy, innervation, vascularization and vascular territories

Estuda-se o músculo grácil em 38 cadáveres a fresco. O estudo abrange: anatomia, compreendendo situaçäo, forma, origem e inserçäo, açäo e variaçöes; inervaçäo, vascularizaçäo e território vascular. Os resultados säo comparados aos da literatura. Säo ressaltados os aspectos práticos da pesquisa